GHK-Cu (Copper Peptide)

GHK-Cu is a naturally occurring copper complex of the tripeptide glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine. First identified in human plasma by Dr. Loren Pickart in 1973, it was discovered that plasma from young individuals (age 20-25) stimulated liver cell synthesis of proteins better than plasma from older individuals, leading to the identification of GHK as the responsible factor. The peptide has a strong affinity for copper(II) ions, forming a stable complex that is the biologically active form. GHK-Cu concentration in plasma decreases significantly with age, from approximately 200 ng/mL at age 20 to 80 ng/mL by age 60, correlating with decreased regenerative capacity.

GHK-Cu exerts its biological effects through multiple mechanisms: **Copper Delivery and Metalloenzyme Activation:** The complex delivers copper to tissues, where it is essential for numerous metalloenzymes including superoxide dismutase (antioxidant defense), lysyl oxidase (collagen/elastin crosslinking), and cytochrome c oxidase (cellular respiration). **Gene Expression Modulation:** Studies have shown GHK-Cu affects expression of over 4,000 human genes, upregulating genes involved in tissue repair and antioxidant responses while downregulating inflammatory and tissue destructive genes. **Collagen Synthesis Stimulation:** GHK-Cu promotes synthesis of collagen types I, III, and IV, glycosaminoglycans, and other extracellular matrix components. It also increases decorin and inhibits metalloproteinases that degrade collagen. **Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Effects:** The complex protects cells from oxidative damage, reduces inflammation, and promotes expression of antioxidant enzymes.